A Novel Methodology for the Determination of Impulse Response Coefficients Applied to Transmission Line Protection Relays

Impulse Response Coefficients (IRC) of digital filters is an imperative step in the development of transmission line protection relay algorithms. Traditionally, Fourier-based filters are used in real applications, where IRC are fixed values of sine and cosine functions with a data window of one or more cycles. Based on state-of-the-art, Mother Wavelet coefficients used in Multiresolution Analysis, and Structuring Element coefficients used in Mathematical Morphology are usually proposed to develop protection algorithms. However, the proper choice of these coefficients is based on empirical process of trial and error. This paper proposes a novel methodology for optimally determining coefficients that depend on the waveform structure analyzed, which is determined using variance as the metric. Assessment of methodology for three case studies considering requirements of relay manufactures (response time, design, harmonic attenuation and other) is presented. The first assessment is to extract coefficients useful for distinguishing among non-fault conditions, harmonics, and arcing faults. The second one is to extract coefficients to filter harmonic components. The assessment is carried out considering different data windows and sampling rates. Test results highlight the efficiency of the model to determine specific coefficients for each case study analyzed. Interestingly, results also showed that the discovered coefficients can be used in another filtering technique. Thus, the third case study involves developing two fault classifiers, which are developed using mathematical morphology where the structuring elements used correspond to the coefficient vectors determined through the proposed methodology. There is a notable paucity of scientific literature focusing on this topic. Therefore, there are several important areas where this study makes an original contribution regarding protection relays.Fil: Morales Garcia, John Armando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Quizhpi, Flavio. Universidad de Cuenca.; EcuadorFil: Villarroel Gutiérrez, Héctor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Munoz, Eduardo. Universidad de Cuenca.; EcuadorFil: Orduna, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Vasquez, Ernesto. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon.; Méxic

The Argentine Electrical Sector and Its Trends Toward Renewable Energies

In view of the imminent massive income of renewable generation in the Argentinian System of Interconnection (Spanish acronym SADI), it is important to analyze the impact of these new technologies on the fundamental variables of the system. The injection of power from renewable energy sources (RES) brings with it a series of well-known socio-technical-economic benefits. However, both the possible difficulties and the negative impacts that these technologies can have on the SADI have not yet been analyzed. For this reason, the present work aims to study the current conditions of the SADI that could both favor and hinder the incorporation of RES into the national energy matrix. Among other topics, the country's energy profile will be evaluated starting from the description of the transmission system in alteration, together with the analysis of the primary energy matrix and the historical and current trends of the country's electricity market were analyzed in the light of the new Law 27191. Subsequently, we proceed to the recognition of the main technical challenges that the new RESs will face for the SADI.Fil: Villarroel Gutiérrez, Héctor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; Argentin

Analysis of Dynamic Voltage Support Schemes for PV Generators Implemented in Latin America

The levels of renewable power, particularly PV, injected into different electrical systems in Latin America, bring with them a series of fundamental technical changes that need to be addressed. Among them, power quality is one of the main concerns. In this matter, the voltage sags are usually that most affect users. For this reason, the need for the implementation of dynamic voltage support (FRT) schemes and the injection of reactive current for PV generators is evident from the expertise of network operators.In the present work, the main technical/conceptual characteristics for the implementation of dynamic voltage support schemes with reactive injection were described. Likewise, the similarities and differences of the several grid codes implemented in Latin American countries were analyzed, as well as its main points to improve.Fil: Villarroel Gutiérrez, Héctor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Molina, Marcelo Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; Argentin

A novel methodology for dynamic voltage support with adaptive schemes in photovoltaic generators

The levels of renewable power, particularly from photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs), injected into different electrical systems bring with them a series of fundamental technical changes that need to be addressed. Power quality (PQ) and voltage stability are the ones of great concern. In this sense, voltage sags commonly affect many users. For this reason, the need to implement dynamic voltage support or fault ride through (FRT) schemes and to inject reactive current into PV generators is evident taking into account the experience of network operators. However, this strategy presents important limitations to comply with the additional requirements established in the IEEE 1547 standard. The standard establishes the need in the continuity of the PV inverter contribution opposite successive voltage sags, delay in voltage recovery and island operation, among others. Therefore, any FRT strategy must consider these additional aspects in order to effectively mitigate voltage events. In the present work, a novel methodology for dynamic grid support based on adaptive FRT schemes is described. The proposed dynamic control will be the result of a detailed voltage support strategy. The methodology implemented will consider all the fault conditions that can lead to the occurrence of voltage sags and similar events. The results of those tests carried out for a PV generator linked to the IEEE 33 buses system show that the implemented strategy operates according to the requirements of current standards for different voltage events.Fil: Villarroel Gutiérrez, Héctor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Morales, John. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Molina, Marcelo Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; Argentin

Adaptation of the overload function in an electrical system due to entry generation, using of the overcurrent function and automatic generation disconnection: dynamic analysis of a particular case

In this work develops the thermal damage curve for 132 kV conductors in transient state with the aim to propose the overload settings implemented in the overcurrent function, because there is the possibility that in electrical system present old protection equipment that does not have an overload function. The study is based on the research for a real case of the Provincial Interconnected System (PIS) of San Juan, Argentina. The PIS has a particularly conflictive node where a large amount of conventional hydroelectric generation and PV plants with approximately 300 MW are concentrated. During the study, overloads were found in the lines that exceed the damage curves of the conductors, so due to this, adjustments of the overload setting in the overcurrent function are proposed to avoid irreparable damage. At the same time, the possible schemes automatic generation disconnection (DAG) are analyzed as alternatives to conductors overload scenarios, considering that the photovoltaic generator can be disconnected in case of fault conditions, and when it remains connected to the system, it will not inject reactive power, because currently there is not requirement on the part of the coordinating entity CAMMESA.Fil: Villarroel Gutiérrez, Héctor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Quispe Huarcaya, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Orduña, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Molina, Marcelo Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; Argentin

High-speed directional protection without voltage sensors for distribution feeders with distributed generation integration based on the correlation of signals and machine learning

This paper proposes a novel methodology to define fault current direction along the Distribution Feeder (DF) considering Distributed Generation (DG) integration. The proposed methodology is based on Empirical Decomposition (ED), Decision Trees (DT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Using ED, it is possible to determine different Principal Components (PCs) that are used are inputs in these DT and SVP classifiers. Assessment of methodology considering different faults, inception angles, fault distances, and others are carried out. Besides, the proposed methodology is tested successfully considering different distribution system topologies and by analyzing special features required by relay manufacturers. Test results highlight the efficiency of the methodology, which presents a concise design and a simple mathematical formulation in the time domain.Fil: Morales Garcia, John Armando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Orduna, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Villarroel Gutiérrez, Héctor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Quispi, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; Argentin